spoken hindi classes in chennai: August 2016

Tuesday, 23 August 2016

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Hindi The Official Language of India

Why does India need Hindi

Hindi is the most spoken language in India and perhaps the most understood too, along with English. best hindi training institute in chennai. In politics, the Hindi speaking belt of the country has a lot of importance and forms almost 40% of the parliamentary seats. Given this, there is a lot at stake for political parties and from the point of view of their political interests, it is important to protect and nurture Hindi, as a language and also the Hindi speaking people.

Though Hindi is not the national language of India, for people from different states who haven't had sound English education, Hindi is one of the link languages of communication. best hindi training institute in chennai. It contributes substantially to our economy and is also providing jobs to a few million people. Throughout India, Hindi is used along with the regional languages and English at the Central Government owned organizations. So if we have problem reading the regional language and in English, ability to read Hindi becomes helpful, especially while travelling.

Some of the national leaders of India are excellent orators and they give their speeches in Hindi usually. best hindi training institute in chennai. Though we may get the translations or excerpts from their speech later on in the news media or papers, we can get the real effect of their speeches if we can understand Hindi. Hindi is important for the country. But imposing Hindi on all Indians is not. It already has its place.

Why is Hindi an important language in India?

India is a very diverse country. best hindi training institute in chennai. After every 50 Km the language changes. If the language doesn't change the accent, the dialect changes hugely. The Bengali spoken in Kolkata is not at all similar to the Bengali spoken in Asansol or Siliguri. Every state has atleast 5-6 languages. Its very difficult to survive in such multi-cultural place without having a common bond, which is what Hindi is.

Advantages of learning Hindi Language

India is linguistically diverse country. Starting from Jammu - Kashmir in north to Kanyakumari in south an Gujrat in West to Arunachal Pradesh in east, people speak different languages and dialect. best hindi training institute in chennai. Few of them are - Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telgu, Kannada, Malyalam, Urdu, Marwari, Haryanvi etc. Indian constitution considers 15 languages as national languages and English and Hindi as the official languages. From the time before independence to present time, there has always been controversy regarding "One India - One language" and imposing Hindi as the national language.

People who support 'Hindi imposition' as the national language believe that Hindi language represents our culture. best hindi training institute in chennai. They also believe that promotion of hindi must be a matter of respect for all Indians. Also, if it is made the national language, it will gradually spread worldwide and gain recognition, as India ranks second in the population across the globe.They also pressume that of all the indigenous languages only Hindi is understood all over the country. They are unaware of the reality.

The reality is that majority of Indians donot know Hindi. According to 2001 census figures, just 45% people speak or know Hindi. best hindi training institute in chennai. Only 25% people in India have declared Hindi as their mother tongue language. The remaining people speak variants of Hindi like Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili, Rajasthani, Marwari,etc. All put together, the speakers of Hindi and its dialects are about 45%. It proves that remaining 55% speak non-Hindi languages and majority of people in India don't even know Hindi.

Hindi is same to the non – Hindi as English is to all Indians – 'a foreign language'. best hindi training institute in chennai. There are people who know and understand Hindi but when it comes to expressing their views or giving presentations, they are not comfortable with it.

Hindi Language

Hindi is the most commonly spoken language in India. It is the fifth most spoken language in the world with about 182 million native speakers in 1998. hindi training institute in chennai. The script used in writing Hindi is Devanagari.

Hindi language is widely written, spoken and understood in North India and most other places in India. In 1997, a survey found that 66% of Indians can speak Hindi. hindi training institute in chennai. The most common form of Hindi is known as Hindustani. It has taken words from the Dravidian languages of South India, many words from the Persian, Arabic, Turkish, English, and Portuguese languages. Hindustani language is almost the same as Urdu, the most commonly spoken language in Pakistan; the difference is that Urdu is written in the Arabic alphabet from right to left. hindi training institute in chennai. Hindi and Urdu were considered the same language until Pakistan's split from India, and to this day, both languages are mutually intelligible, meaning that speakers of two different languages can understand each other without knowing the other language.

Some other dialects of Hindi are: Avadhi, Braj, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, Chhattisgarhi, Dogri and Marwari. hindi training institute in chennai. Hindi has developed from Sanskrit, the ancient language of India. Hindi started to develop in the 7th century as "Apabhramsha", but became stable by the 10th century.

Bombay Hindi

Bombay Hindi, also often known as Bambaiyya Hindi is the variety of Hindi spoken in Mumbai. Colloquially, some the younger generation of native speakers uses the term Bhindi to refer to the local dialect as a vernacular portmanteau for “Bombay Hindi”. hindi training institute in chennai. The dialect incorporates words and pronunciations mainly from Marathi, Hindi & a little from the other languages of India, e.g. Gujarati,. Linguistically, the predominant substratum influence on Mumbai is Marathi, reflecting Mumbai's location in a wider Marathi-speaking area.

General

While many such local dialects have evolved in cosmopolitan cities around the world, Bombay Hindi/Urdu is widely known throughout India.

The Importance of Hindi

Hindi is an ancient language that has not only had tremendous impact on world history, but continues to have tremendous impact on the world today.

Ancient

The Hindi language is very old, and has a direct line of evolution to Sanskrit. As such it is part of one of the oldest religious and literary traditions in the world – traditions that have influenced other religions and works of art, whether we realise it or not. hindi training institute in chennai. As such Hindi is incredibly important in the historic development of the world’s cultures, and well worth not just honouring, but studying. Anyone with an interest in world history or languages would do well to do a little bit of intense reading on the subject of Hindi.

India is also a rising power in the world. It still struggles with poverty on a grand scale, but there is every indication that India is emerging as an economic powerhouse. hindi training institute in chennai. If nothing else, it’s huge population means it is a market that no global business can hope to ignore, and India has additionally signalled clearly its desire to establish itself as a regional superpower. This all means that you can expect India to have a larger and larger impact on the world in both political and artistic arenas – making Hindi more and more important as we move forward.

Interesting Facts about Hindi

The country celebrates Hindi as the official language of the Indian September 14 is the day when the Constituent Assembly declared Hindi as the official language for the Union of India in 1949. hindi language institute in chennai. Hindi is often mistaken to be the national language of India. However, it was initially the official language of only nine Indian states and five union territories including Delhi.

In 1950, there was a constitutional change in the recognition of Hindi language. The Constitution of India recognized Hindi in the Devanagari script as the official language of the country. hindi language institute in chennai. The educated class of the then society used to prefer English as a language of official communication even after independence of India. English was to be prohibited 15 years after the Constitution of India was formed on January 26, 1950. But the non-Hindi speaking population of South India, whose mother tongues are hardly similar to Hindi, opposed the proposal to ban the use of English. It forced the Parliament to bring into effect the Official Languages Act 1963, which recognized English as an official language of India. hindi language institute in chennai. Today, English is the official language of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India.

Bihar was the first state of British India to have adopted Hindi as its sole official language and replacement of Urdu in the year 1881.

Today, about 40% of the total Indian population speaks Hindi in day-to-day life. Hindi is also spoken in a few foreign countries such as South Africa, Mauritius, New Zealand, Surinam, Fiji, Nepal, and Trinidad and Tobago.

180 million people are proud of Hindi as their mother tongue. It is the second language for almost 300 million people across the globe.

Hindi is often referred to as the “Language of Unity’ because of its wide use by the freedom fighters of India during the British Raj. hindi language institute in chennai. Mahatma Gandhi, an eminent political figure and freedom fighter, encouraged the use of Hindi as the language of communication, the language of protest and the language of the nation’s collective voice.

Hindi is mostly influenced by Sanskrit language, which dates back to nearly 5,000 BC. It owes its origin to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language group. hindi language institute in chennai. The word “Hindi” came from the Persian word “Hind”, which means the “Land of the Indus River.” The river falls into Pakistan after passing through Tibet and northernmost part of India.

Hindi was called different names at different stages of its evolution in different eras. Hindi was known as Apabhramsa at its earliest stage. Kalidas, a renowned Sanskrit scholar and literary playwright in ancient India, composed a romantic play titled “Vikramorvashiyam” in Apabhramsa in 400 AD.

Hindi language has borrowed many words from Arabic and Persian languages. The Mughals enriched the Hindi vocabulary with many Urdu words. Hindi was immensely influenced and modified by the Mughals. hindi language institute in chennai. However, Hindi is the youngest of all Indian languages.

Hindi is also referred to as a link language as it has interconnected non-resident Indians living around the world. It is the fourth most popular language following Chinese, Spanish and English on the list of ten most widely spoken languages in the world.

Fiji Hindi

Fiji Hindi or Fijian Hindi, known locally as "Hindustani", is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by most Fijian citizens of Indian descent, though a small number speak other languages at home. hindi language courses in chennai. It is an Eastern Hindi language that has been subject to considerable influence by Awadhi, Bhojpuri and other Bihari languages. It has also borrowed a large number of words from the Fijian and English languages. A large number of words, unique to Fiji Hindi, have been created to cater for the new environment that Indo-Fijians now live in. First-generation Indians in Fiji, who used the language as a lingua franca in Fiji, referred to it as Fiji Baat, "Fiji talk".

History

Indian indentured labourers, speaking different regional languages, initially came to Fiji mainly from districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, North-West Frontier and South India such as from Andhra and Tamil Nadu in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Over time, a distinct Indo-Aryan language with an Eastern Hindi substratum developed in Fiji, combining elements of the Hindi languages spoken in these areas with native Fijian, Urdu, Arabic, English, and Tamil words. hindi language courses in chennai

. Fiji Hindi therefore diverged significantly from the Hindi languages of the Indian subcontinent. hindi language courses in chennai

. The development of Fiji Hindi was accelerated by the need for labourers speaking different languages to work together and by the practice of leaving young children in early versions of day-care centers during working hours.

Indian children born in Fiji will have a mixed language; there are many different dialects amongst the Indian population, and of course much intercourse with the Fijians. hindi language courses in chennai

. The children pick up a little of each language, and do not know which is the one originally spoken by their parents.

Status

Later, approximately 15,000 Indian indentured labourers, who were mainly speakers of Dravidian languages (Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam), were brought from South India. hindi language courses in chennai

. By this time Fiji Hindi was well established as the lingua franca of Indo-Fijians and the Southern Indian labourers had to learn it to communicate with the more numerous Northern Indians and their European overseers. After the end of the indenture system, Indians who spoke Gujarati and Punjabi arrived in Fiji as free immigrants. A few Indo-Fijians speak Tamil, Telugu and Gujarati at home, but all are fluently conversant and able to communicate using Fiji Hindi. The census reports of 1956 and 1966 shows the extent to which Fiji Hindi (referred to as 'Hindustani' in the census) was being spoken in Indo-Fijian households.

Hindi Belt

The Hindi Belt or Hindi Heartland is a loosely defined linguistic region in north-central India where varieties of Hindi in the broadest sense are widely spoken. hindi language training in chennai. It is sometimes also used to refer to those Indian states whose official language is Standard Hindi and have a Hindi-speaking majority, namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.

Hindi as a dialect continuum

Hindi, in the broad sense, is that part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum that lies within the cultural Hindi Belt in the northern plains of India. hindi language training in chennai. In the words of Masica (1991), these languages are the so-called regional languages of the Hindi area, sometimes less accurately called Hindi "dialects". Hindi in this broad sense is an ethnic rather than a linguistic concept.

This broad definition of Hindi is one of the ones used in the Indian census, and results in a clear majority of Indians being reported to be speakers of Hindi, though Hindi-area respondents vary as to whether they call their language Hindi or use a local language name. As defined in the 1991 census, Hindi has a broad and a narrow sense. The name "Hindi" is thus ambiguous.

The broad sense covers a number of Central, East-Central, Eastern, and Northern Zone languages, including the Bihari languages except Maithili, all the Rajasthani languages, and the Pahari languages except Dogri and Nepali. hindi language training in chennai. This is an area bounded on the northwest by Punjabi, on the west by Sindhi, on the south by Gujarati, Marathi and Odia; on the east by Maithili and Bengali; and on the north by Nepali. Linguistically, the varieties of this area can be considered separate languages rather than dialects of a single language.

In the narrow sense, the Hindi languages proper, Hindi can be equated with the Central Zone Indic languages. These are conventionally divided into Western Hindi and Eastern Hindi. An even narrower definition of Hindi is that of the official language, Modern Standard Hindi or Manak Hindi, a standardised register of Hindustani, one of the varieties of Western Hindi. Standardised Hindustani—including both Manak Hindi and Urdu—is historically based on the Khariboli dialect of 17th-century Delhi.

Number of speakers

According to the 2001 Indian census, 258 million people in India (25% of the population) regarded their native language to be "Hindi". hindi language training in chennai. The government, however, counted 422 million Hindi speakers (41% of the population) by including people who identified their language as Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri (Bihari), Bundeli, Chhattisgarhi, Garhwali, Harauti, Haryanvi, Khortha (Khotta), Kumaoni, Lamani (Lambadi), Magadhi (Bihari), Malvi, Marwari, Mewari, Nimadi, Pahari, Rajasthani, and Sadan (Sadri), as well as numerous other languages with fewer than 2 million self-identified speakers.

Hindi

Hindi also called Modern Standard Hindi, is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. hindi speaking courses in chennai. Hindi is an official language of the Union of India, and the lingua franca of the Hindi belt languages.

In the 2001 Indian census, 258 million people in India reported Hindi to be their native language. However, this number includes tens of millions of people who are native speakers of related languages but who consider their speech to be a dialect of Hindi.

Hindi is the fourth-most natively spoken language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English.

Official status

Article 343 (1) of the Indian constitution states:

"The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. hindi speaking courses in chennai. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals."

Article 351 of the Indian constitution states

"It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages."

It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351), with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. hindi speaking courses in chennai. However, widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such as the those in Tamil Nadu), Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies.

At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Each may also designate a "co-official language"; in Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depending on the political formation in power, this language is generally Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, National Capital Territory.

Hindi languages

The Hindi languages, also known as the Madhya languages and the Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages, is a dialect continuum in the Hindi zone spoken across northern India that descend from the Madhya Prakrits. spoken hindi classes in chennai. The Western Hindi languages include Hindustani, of which the official languages of India and Pakistan, Standard Hindi and Urdu, are mutually intelligible standardizations of the Khariboli dialect, the prestige dialect of Hindustani. spoken hindi classes in chennai. The coherence of this group depends on the classification being used; here only Eastern and Western Hindi will be considered.

Languages

If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi. spoken hindi classes in chennai. Western Hindi evolved from the Apabhramsa form of Shauraseni Prakrit, Eastern Hindi from Ardhamagadhi.

Western Hindi

Braj Bhasha (Brajbhakha), spoken in western Uttar Pradesh and adjacent districts of Rajasthan and Haryana

Haryanvi (Bangaru), spoken in the states of Haryana and Delhi. spoken hindi classes in chennai.

Bundeli, spoken in south-western Uttar Pradesh and west-central Madhya Pradesh.

Kannauji, spoken in west-central Uttar Pradesh.

Hindustani, including the standard vernacular dialect Khariboli, spoken in western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi.

Eastern Hindi

Awadhi, spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh.

Bagheli, spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh. spoken hindi classes in chennai.

Chhattisgarhi, spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central Chhattisgarh.

Romani, Domari, Lomavren, and Seb Seliyer (or at least their ancestors) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the Middle East and Europe ca. 500–1000 CE in three distinct waves. Parya is a Central Zone language of Central Asia. spoken hindi classes in chennai.

To Western Hindi Ethnologue adds Sansi, Powari, Chamari (a spurious language), Bhaya, Gowli (not a separate language), and Ghera.

This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for cultural reasons, such as Bihari, Rajasthani, and Pahari.

Use in culturally non-Hindi regions in the subcontinent

Urdu is the official language of Pakistan. Although only the native language of 7% of the population, it is nearly universal as a second language among the literate.

Bombay Hindi ("Bombay Bat"), the dialect of the city of Mumbai (Bombay); it is based on Hindustani but heavily influenced by Marathi. spoken hindi classes in chennai. Technically it is a pidgin, i.e. neither is it a native language of any people nor is it used in formal settings by the educated and upper social strata.

Dakhini, including Hyderabadi Urdu, and Bangalori Urdu, a dialect of Urdu spoken in the present areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, and the historical Deccan region. There is a small but distinct difference between Dakhini and standard Hindi-Urdu, which is bigger the further south it is spoken.

Kolkata Hindi, a Khariboli-based pidgin spoken in the city of Calcutta (Kolkata), Shillong, etc.; heavily influenced by Bhojpuri and Bengali. spoken hindi classes in chennai.

Andaman Creole Hindi is a trade language of the Andaman Islands.

Fiji Hindi is an Eastern Hindi lingua-franca that developed among Indo-Fijians.